Thaddeus Kosciuszko

Thaddeus (Tadeusz) Kosciuszko (1746-1817) was a Polish freedom fighter and engineer.  Kosciuszko endeared himself to this country during the American Revolution and later gained even greater recognition in defense of his native Poland.

Kosciuszko, born in 1746, was schooled at the Royal Military Academy in Warsaw and continued his martial training in France, concentrating in artillery and engineering. After he arrived in Philadelphia in 1776 to join the American cause, the Continental Congress appointed him a colonel of engineers. Kosciuszko’s fortifications contributed to an American victory at Saratoga, and he then was assigned to further fortify West Point, a key point of defense on the Hudson River. Here, in addition to defenses, he created a small garden, which is still maintained at the U.S. Military Academy. At the close of the American Revolution, Kosciuszko returned to Poland, where his military leadership would be called upon again in conflicts with Russia and Prussia. Poland eventually was defeated and ceased to exist as an independent nation. Kosciuszko, badly wounded in a 1794 battle, was imprisoned in St. Petersburg, Russia.

In 1796, following the death of Empress Catherine the Great, her son and successor, Czar Paul I, granted amnesty to Kosciuszko. According to tradition, the czar gave the Polish hero his own fur cloak as a parting gift. In exchange for his freedom and that of other Polish prisoners, Kosciuszko promised not to return to Poland, and arrived in Philadelphia in August 1797. It was there that he and Jefferson formed a strong and lasting friendship. Even though Kosciuszko remained in the United States for less than a year before returning to Europe, his correspondence with Jefferson continued for over 20 years, until Kosciuszko’s death in Switzerland in 1817.

When Jefferson was elected president in 1800, Kosciuszko wrote: “do not forget yourself in your post, always be virtuous, republican with justice and probity, without display and ambition. In a word, be Jefferson and my friend.”^[1] During his presidency, Jefferson was cautious in his letters, but following his retirement wrote much more freely of U.S. national events, telling Kosciuszko: “the tree which you had so zealously assisted in planting, you cannot but delight in seeing watered and flourishing.”^[2]

It was upon leaving the United States for the last time that, according to Margaret Bayard Smith’s account, “Kasioskio left his cloak, with his revered friend Jefferson.”^[3] This gesture reflected a mutual admiration, as Jefferson had written earlier of Kosciuszko: “He is as pure a son of liberty as I have ever known.”^[4]

-Gaye Wilson, 2001. Originally published as “Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Son of Liberty,” in Monticello Newsletter, 12 (Winter 2001).

Further Sources

• Alexander, Edward P. “Jefferson and Kosciuszko: Friends of Liberty and of Man.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography XCII, no. 1 (1968): 87-103.
• Bush, Life Portraits, 28-30.
• Grzelo≈Ñski, Bogdan, ed. Jefferson Kosciuszko Correspondence. Warsaw: Interpress, 1978.
• Kajencki, Francis C. Thaddeus Kosciuszko: Military Engineer of the American Revolution. El Paso, TX: Southwest Polonia Press, 1998.
• Nash, Gary B. and Graham Russell Gao Hodges. Friends of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Agrippa Hull: A Tale of Three Patriots, Two Revolutions, and a Tragic Betrayal of Freedom in the New Nation. New York: Basic Books, 2008.
• Pula, James S. Thaddeus Kościuszko: The Purest Son of Liberty. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1999.
• Storozynski, Alex. The Peasant Prince : Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin’s Press, 2009.
• “Thomas Jefferson as Custodian of the Funds of General Kosciuszko.” New York Law Journal, April 13, 1938.
• See all correspondence between Kosciuszko and Thomas Jefferson in Founders Online
• Look for more sources in the Thomas Jefferson Portal.