Podcast Connection! - Amy Bowles Farrow and Free State
Learn more about the remarkable Amy Farrow, a successful free Black woman of Central Virginia who became Critta Hemings's mother-in-law.
Critta Hemings Bowles
Critta Hemings Bowles (1769-1850) was the daughter of Elizabeth Hemings and John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson's father-in-law. She lived at Monticello from about 1775 until 1827.
Bowles seems to have worked for the Jefferson family as an enslaved domestic servant. In 1793, when she was living in the stone workmen's house (now known as the Textile Workshop), Jefferson gave orders for her to move out of that building to "the nearest" of the new log cabins on Mulberry Row, as she was "oftenest wanted about the house."[1] In 1802, Jefferson's builder wrote that "the floors in the plaistered rooms ought to be washed out: but as Critta is gone there is no person to undertake it."[2]
Bowles was then temporarily living in Chesterfield County with Jefferson's daughter Maria, who had "borrow'd Crity as a nurse" to her infant son, Francis Wayles Eppes.[3] It was Francis Eppes, who bought Bowles's freedom for fifty dollars, twenty-five years later in January 1827. The manumission deed referred to "Critty, some times called Critty Bowles, the wife of Zachariah Bowles a free man of colour" living in Albemarle County.[4] After obtaining her freedom, Critta Bowles lived on her husband's property until her death in 1850 at the age of 81.
The only references to Zachariah Bowles in Jefferson's records are in the accounts of his friend, Nicholas Lewis. In 1790 and 1791, Zachariah Bowles was paid for occasional labor in the harvest and in raising a barn. Bowles owned his own farm of 96 acres north of Charlottesville and left a life interest in it to his wife at his death in 1835.[5] At this time, they had living with them Martha Ann Colbert, an enslaved woman belonging to Jefferson's grandson Meriwether Lewis Randolph. She may have been the daughter of Jefferson's enslaved butler Burwell Colbert, Critta Bowles's nephew. Bowles's own will, in 1847, made provision for Martha Colbert, calling her "a female slave, raised by me."[6]
Critta Hemings Bowles had one son, James, born in 1787. He worked as a carpenter at Monticello until he ran away about 1804, escaping "seveare treatment" he had experienced at the hands of the white overseer, Gabriel Lilly. Jefferson tried to persuade him to return, but James Hemings vanished just before boarding a stage to Charlottesville from Richmond where he had been found. Jefferson did not pursue Hemings thus allowing him informal freedom. [7] He made a brief reappearance at Monticello in 1815, when Jefferson noted paying him for finding a missing piece of one of his scientific instruments.[8]
- Lucia Stanton, 1993
Further Sources
- Stanton, Lucia. Free Some Day: The African-American Families of Monticello. Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2000.
Explore: Slavery at Monticello Mobile Guide
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References
- ^ Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, May 19, 1793, in PTJ, 26:65. Transcription available at Founders Online.
- ^ James Dinsmore to Jefferson, January 23, 1802, in PTJ, 36:422. Transcription available at Founders Online.
- ^ Mary Jefferson Eppes to Jefferson, November 6, 1801, in PTJ, 35:579-80. Transcription available at Founders Online.
- ^ Thomas Jefferson Randolph, as Executor of Thomas Jefferson’s Will, Manumits Critty Hemings Bowles, Albemarle Co. Deed Book, 32:412. Transcription available at Jefferson Quotes and Family Letters.
- ^ Zachariah Bowles Will, Albemarle County Will Book, 12:95-96. The will mentioned his sister Patsy Butler and his nephews Peter and Stephen Bowles.
- ^ Critta Bowles Will, Albemarle County Will Book, 20:144.
- ^ See Lucia Stanton, Those Who Labor for My Happiness (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), 178. See also July 1805 correspondence between Jefferson and John Oldham. Transcriptions available at Founders Online.
- ^ MB, 2:1315. Transcription available at Founders Online.